Lex Fridman Podcast

Gary Gallagher is a historian of the American Civil War.

Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep499-sc

See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:

https://lexfridman.com/gary-gallagher-transcript

CONTACT LEX:

Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey

AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama

Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring

Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:

Gary’s UVA page: https://history.virginia.edu/people/gary-w-gallagher

Gary’s Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher

The Confederate War (book): https://amzn.to/4yletel

The Union War (book): https://amzn.to/3QT1jED

Lee and His Generals in War and Memory (book): https://amzn.to/4fdrbD5

Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten (book): https://amzn.to/4wFxk1X

The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History (book): https://amzn.to/4vsAogU

The Great Courses – The American Civil War: https://bit.ly/4gDX3mQ

SPONSORS:

To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:

Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.

Go to https://upwork.com/lex

NetSuite: Business management software.

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Shopify: Sell stuff online.

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LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.

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BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.

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Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.

Go to https://perplexity.ai/

Plaud: AI-powered note-taking devices and software.

Go to https://plaud.ai/lex

OUTLINE:

(00:00) – Introduction

(00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections

(08:36) – What caused the Civil War?

(18:33) – Slavery

(46:07) – Lincoln

(1:01:03) – Grant vs Lee

(1:09:57) – Could the Civil War have been avoided?

(1:19:23) – The bloodiest war in US history

(1:36:31) – How the Confederate Army could’ve won

(1:57:05) – Key battles of the Civil War

(2:20:07) – Best and Worst Presidents

(2:34:06) – Robert E. Lee

(2:53:40) – The most important battle of the Civil War

(3:03:51) – The final showdown of the Civil War – Grant vs Lee

(3:26:10) – Lost Cause and Confederate Monuments

(3:43:37) – Extreme political division in US

Anthony Kaldellis is a historian of the Roman Empire and author of “The New Roman Empire”, a comprehensive history of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).

Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep498-sc

See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:

https://lexfridman.com/anthony-kaldellis-transcript

CONTACT LEX:

Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey

AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama

Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring

Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:

Anthony’s Books: https://amzn.to/49AX7Q1

Anthony’s Publications: https://kaldellispublications.weebly.com

Anthony’s University of Chicago page: https://classics.uchicago.edu/people/anthony-kaldellis

The New Roman Empire (book): https://amzn.to/3PTFTqk

Streams of Gold (book): https://amzn.to/4fgRMRq

Byzantium & Friends Podcast: https://byzantiumandfriends.podbean.com/

The History of Byzantium Podcast: https://thehistoryofbyzantium.com/

SPONSORS:

To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:

Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.

Go to https://upwork.com/lex

Fin: AI agent for customer service.

Go to https://fin.ai/lex

BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.

Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex

LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.

Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

Shopify: Sell stuff online.

Go to https://shopify.com/lex

Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.

Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:

(00:00) – Introduction

(00:11) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections

(08:45) – The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire

(12:42) – 2,200 Years of Roman History

(33:06) – Power, violence, and civil war

(54:20) – Edict of Caracalla

(1:07:17) – Crisis of the Third Century

(1:21:45) – Constantine and the new Roman Empire

(1:33:46) – Christianity in the Roman Empire

(1:59:14) – Fall of the Western Roman Empire

(2:12:11) – Eunuchs, Taxes, and Power

(2:37:17) – Emperor Justinian and wars of conquest

(2:54:19) – The Arab conquests

(3:13:55) – Why the Roman empire survived so long

(3:40:01) – Lessons from history

PODCAST LINKS:

– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast

– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr

– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8

– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/

– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4

– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Don Lincoln is a particle physicist at Fermilab who has spent decades working at the frontiers of high energy physics.

Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep497-sc

See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

CONTACT LEX:

Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey

AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama

Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring

Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:

Don’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/Dr.Don.Lincoln/

Don’s Website: https://drdonlincoln.com/

Don’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4nHeNiF

Don’s YouTube Playlist: https://bit.ly/3PCIW67

Don’s X: https://x.com/DrDonLincoln

Don’s Books: https://amzn.to/4uYbkOZ

Don’s Great Courses: https://shop.thegreatcourses.com/don-lincoln

Don’s Audible: https://adbl.co/4wGioRV

Fermilab’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/fermilab

Fermilab’s Website: https://www.fnal.gov/

Fermilab’s X: https://x.com/fermilab

SPONSORS:

To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:

Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.

Go to https://upwork.com/lex

Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.

Go to https://larridin.com

Fin: AI agent for customer service.

Go to https://fin.ai/lex

LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.

Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

Shopify: Sell stuff online.

Go to https://shopify.com/lex

Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.

Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:

(00:00) – Introduction

(00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections

(08:52) – Unifying the laws of nature

(23:23) – Einstein, special relativity, and general relativity

(40:31) – Electroweak force

(52:13) – How particle colliders work

(1:10:16) – Higgs boson discovery

(1:20:35) – Theory of everything

(1:50:20) – Physics of empty space

(1:57:45) – Antimatter

(2:18:35) – Dark energy

(2:22:23) – Dark matter

(2:50:59) – Future of physics

PODCAST LINKS:

– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast

– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr

– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8

– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/

– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4

– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jean-Baptiste Kempf is lead developer of VLC and president of VideoLAN. Kieran Kunhya is a longtime FFmpeg contributor, codec engineer, and the person behind the now-infamous FFmpeg account on X.

Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep496-sc

See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:

https://lexfridman.com/ffmpeg-transcript

CONTACT LEX:

Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey

AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama

Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring

Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:

FFmpeg on X: https://x.com/FFmpeg

FFmpeg: https://ffmpeg.org/

VideoLAN (VLC): https://www.videolan.org/

VideoLAN on X: https://x.com/videolan

Jean-Baptiste’s Website: https://jbkempf.com/

Jean-Baptiste’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbkempf/

Jean-Baptiste’s GitHub: https://github.com/jbkempf

Kieran’s X: https://x.com/kierank_

Kieran’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3OORhmC

Kieran’s GitHub: https://github.com/kierank

SPONSORS:

To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:

Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.

Go to https://larridin.com

Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.

Go to https://blitzy.com/lex

BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.

Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex

Fin: AI agent for customer service.

Go to https://fin.ai/lex

LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.

Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.

Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:

(00:00) – Introduction

(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections

(10:48) – Weirdest things VLC opens

(15:12) – How video playback works

(24:33) – Video codecs and containers

(35:20) – FFmpeg explained

(56:20) – Linus Torvalds

(1:00:59) – Turning down millions to keep VLC ad-free

(1:15:17) – FFmpeg & Google drama

(1:34:31) – FFmpeg developers

(1:41:08) – VLC and FFmpeg

(1:45:42) – History of FFmpeg

(1:48:59) – Reverse engineering codecs

(2:02:14) – FFmpeg testing

(2:06:21) – Assembly code (handwritten)

(2:30:39) – Rust programming language

(2:39:55) – FFmpeg and Libav fork

(2:48:17) – Open source burnout

(2:56:04) – x264 and internet video

(3:09:20) – Video compression basics

(3:16:17) – CIA and fake VLC

(3:26:52) – Ultra low latency streaming

(3:44:20) – AV2 codec and video patents

(3:54:12) – VLC backdoors

(4:04:27) – Video archiving

(4:11:04) – Future of FFmpeg and VLC

Lars Brownworth is a historian, teacher, podcaster, and author specializing in Viking history, medieval Europe, and the Byzantine Empire.

Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep495-sc

See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:

https://lexfridman.com/lars-brownworth-transcript

CONTACT LEX:

Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey

AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama

Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring

Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:

Lars’s Website: https://larsbrownworth.com/

The Sea Wolves (book): https://www.amazon.com/Sea-Wolves-History-Vikings/dp/1909979120

Lars’s Books: https://amzn.to/4sHY0xw

12 Byzantine Rulers Podcast : https://12byzantinerulers.com/

Norman Centuries Podcast: https://apple.co/4sgSxNi

SPONSORS:

To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:

Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.

Go to https://larridin.com

BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.

Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex

LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.

Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

Fin: AI agent for customer service.

Go to https://fin.ai/lex

Shopify: Sell stuff online.

Go to https://shopify.com/lex

Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.

Go to https://perplexity.ai/

OUTLINE:

(00:00) – Introduction

(01:03) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections

(08:57) – The start of the Viking Age

(18:50) – Viking military strategy, tactics & technology

(32:33) – Ragnar Lothbrok

(42:00) – The Great Heathen Army

(46:42) – Rollo and Normandy

(56:54) – Viking religion and Valhalla

(1:07:25) – Viking explorers

(1:12:33) – Vikings in North America

(1:25:55) – Vikings in the East

(1:45:33) – Byzantine Empire

(1:54:17) – History and human nature

PODCAST LINKS:

– Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast

– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr

– Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8

– RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/

– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4

– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips